12th STANDARD BIO BOTANY
BIOLOGY
Higher Secondary Second Year
Tamil Nadu State Board SYLLABUS
UNIT – 1 Taxonomy of Angiosperms
Types of classifications – artificial – natural – phylogenetic. Biosystematics – binomial nomenclature – herbarium and its uses. Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plants – families – Malvaceae – Solanaceae – Euphorbiaceae – Musaceae and their Economic importance.
UNIT 1 AUDIO EXPLANATION:
- TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS
- TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION
- BIOSYSTEMATICS
- Ecotype, Ecospecies, Cenospecies, Comparium
- BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
- International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
- HERBARIA AND ITS USES IMPORTANCE OF HERBARIUM
- Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plants
- Dicot Families – MALVACEAE and Botanical description of Hibiscus and Economical importance
- Solanaceae – Datura metal and Economic importance
- Euphorbiaceae and Ricinus communis and its Economic importance
- Musaceae – Musa paradisiaca and its Economic Importance
UNIT – 2 Plant anatomy
Tissue and tissue systems – anatomy of monocot and dicot roots – anatomy of monocot and dicot stems – anatomy of dicot leaf.
UNIT 2 AUDIO EXPLANATION:
- Plant anatomy – tissue and tissue system
- Permanent tissue and simple tissue and its characteristics
- Complex tissues , Xylem and its Kinds
- Phloem and its Kinds
- Tissue system – Epidermal,Vascular and fundamental tissue system
- Anatomy of Monocot and Dicot roots
- Structure of dicotyledonous root – Bean root
- Anatomy of monocot stem – Maize stem
- Primary structure of dicotyledonous stem – Sunflower stem
- Anatomy of a dicot and monocot leaves
UNIT – 3 Cell biology and genetics
Chromosomes – structure and types – genes and genomes – linkage and crossing over – gene mapping – recombination of chromosomes – mutation – chromosomal aberrations – DNA as genetic material – structure of DNA – replication of DNA – structure of RNA and its types.
UNIT 3 AUDIO EXPLANATION:
- CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS INTRODUCTION
- Types of chromosomes with special types
- Gene and genome
- Linkage and mechanism of linkage
- Crossing over, gene mapping and recombination of chromosome
- Mutation and classification of mutation
- Mutagenic agents and its significance
- Chromosomal aberrations
- Numerical chromosomal aberrations
- DNA – structure and function, and bacterial transformation
- Replication of DNA
- Structure of RNA and its types
UNIT – 4 Biotechnology
Recombinant DNA technology – transgenic plants and microbes – plant tissue culture and its application – protoplasmic fusion – single cell protein.
UNIT 4 AUDIO EXPLANATION:
- Biotechnology Introduction – Recombinant DNA technology
- Gene transfer in plants
- Transgenic plants – Herbicide resistance in transgenic plants
- Application of genetic transformation – Benefits
- Plant tissue culture – origin and techniques
- Status of tissue culture technology in India And application
- Protoplast fusion and Practical applications
- Single cell protein and its uses
UNIT – 5 Plant physiology
Photosynthesis – significance – site of photosynthesis – photochemical and biosynthetic phases – electron transport system – cyclic and non-cyclic
and Cphotophosphorylation – C pathways – photorespiration – factors – saprophytic – parasitic and insectivorous plants – chemosynthesis – respiration – mechanism of glycolysis – Krebs cycle – pentose phosphate pathway – anaerobic respiration – respiratory quotient – compensation pointaffecting photosynthesis – mode of nutrition – autotrophic – heterotrophic – fermentation. Plant growth – growth regulators – phytohormones – auxins – gibberellins – cytokinins – ethylene and abscisic acid. Photoperiodism and vernalization.
UNIT 5 AUDIO EXPLANATION:
- Plant physiology – photosynthesis and its significance
- Site of photosynthesis and Mechanism of photosynthesis
- Electron transport system and photophosphorylation types
- Dark reaction
- C3 and C4 pathways
- Photorespiration or C2 cycle
UNIT – 6 Biology in human welfare
Food production – breeding experiments – improved varieties and role of biofertilizers. Crop diseases and their control – biopesticides – genetically modified food – biowar – biopiracy – biopatent – sustained agriculture and medicinal plants including microbes. Economic importance – food yielding (rice) – oil yielding (groundnut) – fibre yielding (cotton) and timber yielding (teak) plants.
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